Evolutionary Trajectory of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Genome Shrinkage during Spread in Asia

摘要

Background: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the sole member of the novel Nimaviridae family, and the source of\udmajor economic problems in shrimp aquaculture. WSSV appears to have rapidly spread worldwide after the first reported\udoutbreak in the early 1990s. Genomic deletions of various sizes occur at two loci in the WSSV genome, the ORF14/15 and\udORF23/24 variable regions, and these have been used as molecular markers to study patterns of viral spread over space and\udtime. We describe the dynamics underlying the process of WSSV genome shrinkage using empirical data and a simple\udmathematical model.\udMethodology/Principal Findings: We genotyped new WSSV isolates from five Asian countries, and analyzed this\udinformation together with published data. Genome size appears to stabilize over time, and deletion size in the ORF23/24\udvariable region was significantly related to the time of the first WSSV outbreak in a particular country. Parameter estimates\udderived from fitting a simple mathematical model of genome shrinkage to the data support a geometric progression (k,1)\udof the genomic deletions, with k = 0.37160.150.\udConclusions/Significance: The data suggest that the rate of genome shrinkage decreases over time before attenuating.\udBioassay data provided support for a link between genome size and WSSV fitness in an aquaculture setting. Differences in\udgenomic deletions between geographic WSSV isolates suggest that WSSV spread did not follow a smooth pattern of\udgeographic radiation, suggesting spread of WSSV over long distances by commercial activities. We discuss two hypotheses\udfor genome shrinkage, an adaptive and a neutral one. We argue in favor of the adaptive hypothesis, given that there is\udsupport for a link between WSSV genome size and fitness.